Revision

Lesson 25: prepositions

approval of
awareness of
belief in
concern for
confusion about
desire for

fondness for
grasp of
hatred of
hope for
interest in
love of

need for
participation in
reason for
respect for
success in
understanding of

For further review go to lesson 25

Lesson 26: linking words

After Despite and In spite of we use a noun clause (noun, pronoun, or gerund):

Despite being ill, Anne still attended every class.

We enjoyed our game in spite of the rain.

After Although and Despite the fact that we use a verb clause (subject + verb):

Despite the fact that she was ill, Anne still attended every class.

We enjoyed our game although it rained all day.

For further review go to lesson 26

Lesson 27: word order

Time (when? / how often? / how long?) normally goes after place:

place  + time

Steve walks to work every morning.  (not ‘Steve walks every morning to work')

He has been in Mexico  since May.

We arrived at the airport  early.

For further review go to lesson 27

Lesson 28: commas, colons, semicolons

Using Commas

Commas are used to separate 2 independent clauses that are joined by a conjunction. An independent clause is a group of words that could, grammatically, exist as its own sentence. Conjunctions are words like: for, and, or, so, but, nor, yet.

The building is finished, but it has no tenants.

Commas are used to set off most introductory elements. An introductory element may be a word or phrase, but it can not be its own sentence.

Unfortunately, the only tenant pulled out.

Commas are used to set off non-essential elements. Many non-essential elements are non-defining relative clauses. This means that the rest of the sentence could exist without these words.

For further review go to lesson 28

Lesson 29: the subjunctive / word formation (2)

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

• wants to happen
• hopes will happen
• imagines happening

Look at these examples:

The President requests that you be present at the meeting.

It is vital that you be present at the meeting.

If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.


Word formation – some more ways to form new words

Clipping

Doctor – doc, hamburger – burger, application – app

Blending

Breakfast + lunch = BRUNCH

Information + commercial = INFOMERCIAL

For further review go to lesson 29