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LESSON 13 – Countable & Uncountable words

Uncountable nouns are for example: gold, music, blood, excitement. They have no plural. You cannot say "musics”, "bloods”, or "excitements”.

Many nouns can be used as countable or as uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference in meaning.  For example:

paper

I bought a paper.  ( a newspaper- countable)

I bought some paper.  (material for writing on – uncountable)

Countable nouns are things we can count. We can make them plural:

two dogs, six jobs, some girls, many suggestions

For further review go to lesson 13

LESSON 14 – Articles

We use the when there is only one of something:

What is the longest river in the world?

The earth goes around the sun and the moon goes around the earth.

But we use a/an to say what kind of thing something is. Compare the and a:

The sun is a star. 

The motel we stayed at was a very nice motel.

The + adjective

We use the + adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people, for example:

the young, the old, the elderly 

We use the with names of many geographical features: the Thames, the Alps, the Arctic

We do not use the with names of most streets / roads / squares / parks etc: Rodeo Drive, Central Park

Many names (especially names of important buildings and institutions) are two words:

Kennedy Airport, Cambridge University

The first word is usually the name of a person (Kennedy) or a place (Cambridge). We do not usually use the with names like these.

But we say the White House and the Royal Palace, because "white” and "royal” are not names like "Kennedy” and "Cambridge”.

For further review go to lesson 14

LESSON 15 – All, some, any, most,...

All, some, any, most, much / many, little / few

You can use the words above and also no with a noun (some food / few books etc.)

All cars have wheels.

Some of… / most of… / none of… etc.

You can use the words above (also none and half) with of. You can say some of (the people), most of (my friends),none of (this money) etc.

Some of the people, some of those people (but not some of people)

All and whole

Whole means complete, entire. Most often we use whole with singular nouns:

Did you read the whole book?  (all the book, not just a part of it)

We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns. We say:

I've spent all the money you gave me.  (not the whole money)

We use each when we think of things  We use every when we think of things as a

separately, one by one. group. The meaning is similar to all.

Study each sentence carefully. Every sentence must have a verb.

(study the sentences one by one) (all sentences in general)

For further review go to lesson 15

LESSON 16 – Adjectives & Adverbs

Compare:

My job is boring. I'm bored with my job.

 

Adjectives: word order

Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

Adjectives of size and length (big / small / tall / short / long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and width (round / fat / thin / slim / wide etc.): a large, round table

 

Adjectives and Adverbs

Many adverbs are made from an adjective + ly

Not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in-ly too, for example:

friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, silly, lovely

Good / well

Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:

Sally is a good pianist. but Sally plays the piano well.

Fast / hard / late – these words are both adjectives and adverbs:

adjective adverb

Angie is a hard worker. Angie works hard.  (not works hardly)

For further review go to lesson 16

LESSON 17 – Word formation

PREFIXES

Adjective prefixes

Invalid, illogical, irrelevant, impossible, unreal, non-verbal, dissatisfied

Noun prefixes

Non-believer, disconnection, misprint, co-pilot, ex-mayor, reconstruction

Verb prefixes

Overwork, undercharge, endanger, unlock, decode, rebuild

SUFFIXES

Adjective suffixes

Fashionable, historical, different, explanatory, considerate, interested, careful, endless, friendly, Indian, boring, selfish, impressive, adventurous, rainy

Noun suffixes

Arrival, performance, applicant, auctioneer, teacher, interviewee, childhood, participation, egoism, socialist, possibility, punishment, loneliness, advisor, friendship

Verb suffixes

Sweeten, simplify, popularize

For further review go to lesson 17